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 Water can act as a vector for the transmission of bacterial, viral and protozoan agents which cause a spread of diseases (mainly intestinal).

It also can be linked to viral/protozoan diseases transmitted by

insects (aquatic hosts or insect breeding in H2O - indirect)

Water is liable for , by some estimates, approximately 80% of all communicable disease not just waterborne diseases, but any disease where water plays a task .

Water contains a spread of microbes including: 

Ø Viruses

Ø Bacteria

Ø Protozoa

Ø Fungi

 VIRUS

Virus is microscopic entity consisting of one macromolecule surrounded by a protein coat and capable of replication only within the living cells of bacteria, animals or plants.

Viral diseases and their pathogen: 

Ø Diseases:

 Enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery

Ø Causative agent:

Rotavirus

Symptoms:

 severe vomiting

Diseases:

 hepatitis A 

 Causative agent: HAV

 Hepatitis E

 Causative agent: HEV

 Symptoms:

 Inflammation of liver ,vomiting ,Jaundice ,Nausea etc.

 Treatment: there's no specific treatment capable of altering the course of acute hepatitis A & E. because the disease is typically self-limiting.

q Polio:

 Causative agent: Polio virus

 Symptoms:

 Fever ,Sore throat ,Neck stiffness ,Pain in legs & arms etc.

 Treatment: Polio vaccine.

Bacteria

Bacteria vary in their shapes like bacteria have spherical(cocci), rod (bacillus) and spiral (spirillum) shaped arrangement and are organized in specific cellular shape.

Bacterial diseases & their pathogen:

Diseases:

q Enteritis & diarrhea

• Causative agents:

• E.coli

Symptoms: Vomiting , Fever ,Nausea. 

q 

 typhoid 

• Causative agent : typhoid bacillus , Salmonella Paratyphi

• Symptoms: Poor appetite ,Headache etc 

Protozoa

These are unicellular organisms with diameters within the range of 2-100 μm.

 Protozoan infection & their pathogen :

Diseases:

Malaria: Plasmodium

Symptoms : Fever, Fatigue ,vomiting etc.

African sleeping sickness: tsetse 

Symptoms : Headache, fever, Joint’s pain

Fungi

Fungi are function decomposers, absorbing nutrients from dead leaves or other organic matter in soil and water

Fungi are found in very less quantity/numbers in water. this is often thanks to their competition with other heterotrophic organisms like some bacteria and archae for food intake. their low abundance is an indicator for his or her loss during competition.

• Fungal disease

• Ringworm:

The fungi that cause ringworm can survive surfaces,

particularly in damp areas like public showers.

Causative agent:

 Trichophyton (fungi)

Algae

Algae may produce toxins in sea food which may cause illness to citizenry by using

contaminated seafood.

 Algal disease:

q Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP):

 Causative agent:

 Pseudo-nitzschia sp.(Diatom)

Symptoms:

 Short terms amnesia , Brain damage etc.

Spread And symptoms of Disease

¢ an individual could also be infected by direct drinking contaminated water.

¢ By coming in touch with contaminated water.

 Common symptoms

¢ Abdominal pain

¢ Fever

¢ Diarrhea

¢ Condition are more severe in peoples with weakened system .

Microbiological Examination of Water

Individual pathogen numbers could also be too low to detect in a reasonable sized water sample. Isolation and detection of some pathogens can take several days, weeks, or months.

Indicator Microorganisms:

— Indicator microorganisms are wont to indicate an increased risk of pathogen contamination thanks to fecal contact. they're not dangerous to human health but are wont to indicate the presence of a health risk.

Characteristics of a Useful Indicator:

 Always present when pathogens are present

Not present within the absence of the pathogen

Correlated with degree of pollution

More easily detectable than a pathogen 

Non-pathogenic in nature

Bacterial-Indicator Organisms

Common Groups:

v 

Coli forms

o Total coli forms

o Fecal coli forms

v Streptococci

o fecal streptococci

o enterococci

o Spore Formers

o eubacteria 

Coliform Bacteria:

Coliform bacteria (E. coli-like) are the foremost often used indicator bacteria for water quality assessment within the U.S.

Characteristics of coliforms:

Ø Aerobic or facultative,

Ø Gram-negative,

Ø Non-spore forming,

Ø Bacilli, 

Which ferments Lactose to make acid and/or gas with in 24 hours at 35oC

Coliform groups

Total coliforms – indicate water in touch with plant or animal life (universally present)

Fecal coliforms – mammal or bird feces in water

Factors Affecting Ratio of Indicator Organisms to Pathogens:

• All treatment methods and environmental conditions affect pathogens and indicators differently.

• Chlorinated water may have zero indicators and pathogens, but loaded with viruses.

• The ratio of indictors to actual pathogens isn't fixed

Precautions

Water can act as a vector for the transmission of bacterial, viral and protozoan agents which cause a spread of diseases (mainly intestinal).

It also can be linked to viral/protozoan diseases transmitted by

insects (aquatic hosts or insect breeding in H2O - indirect)

Water is liable for , by some estimates, approximately 80% of all communicable disease not just waterborne diseases, but any disease where water plays a task .

Water contains a spread of microbes including: 

Ø Viruses

Ø Bacteria

Ø Protozoa

Ø Fungi

 VIRUS

Virus is microscopic entity consisting of one macromolecule surrounded by a protein coat and capable of replication only within the living cells of bacteria, animals or plants.

Viral diseases and their pathogen: 

Ø Diseases:

 Enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery

Ø Causative agent:

Rotavirus

Symptoms:

 severe vomiting

Diseases:

 hepatitis A 

 Causative agent: HAV

 Hepatitis E

 Causative agent: HEV

 Symptoms:

 Inflammation of liver ,vomiting ,Jaundice ,Nausea etc.

 Treatment: there's no specific treatment capable of altering the course of acute hepatitis A & E. because the disease is typically self-limiting.

q Polio:

 Causative agent: Polio virus

 Symptoms:

 Fever ,Sore throat ,Neck stiffness ,Pain in legs & arms etc.

 Treatment: Polio vaccine.

Bacteria

Bacteria vary in their shapes like bacteria have spherical(cocci), rod (bacillus) and spiral (spirillum) shaped arrangement and are organized in specific cellular shape.

Bacterial diseases & their pathogen:

Diseases:

q Enteritis & diarrhea

• Causative agents:

• E.coli

Symptoms: Vomiting , Fever ,Nausea. 

q 

 typhoid 

• Causative agent : typhoid bacillus , Salmonella Paratyphi

• Symptoms: Poor appetite ,Headache etc 

Protozoa

These are unicellular organisms with diameters within the range of 2-100 μm.

 Protozoan infection & their pathogen :

Diseases:

Malaria: Plasmodium

Symptoms : Fever, Fatigue ,vomiting etc.

African sleeping sickness: tsetse 

Symptoms : Headache, fever, Joint’s pain

Fungi

Fungi are function decomposers, absorbing nutrients from dead leaves or other organic matter in soil and water

Fungi are found in very less quantity/numbers in water. this is often thanks to their competition with other heterotrophic organisms like some bacteria and archae for food intake. their low abundance is an indicator for his or her loss during competition.

• Fungal disease

• Ringworm:

The fungi that cause ringworm can survive surfaces,

particularly in damp areas like public showers.

Causative agent:

 Trichophyton (fungi)

Algae

Algae may produce toxins in sea food which may cause illness to citizenry by using

contaminated seafood.

 Algal disease:

q Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP):

 Causative agent:

 Pseudo-nitzschia sp.(Diatom)

Symptoms:

 Short terms amnesia , Brain damage etc.

Spread And symptoms of Disease

¢ an individual could also be infected by direct drinking contaminated water.

¢ By coming in touch with contaminated water.

 Common symptoms

¢ Abdominal pain

¢ Fever

¢ Diarrhea

¢ Condition are more severe in peoples with weakened system .

Microbiological Examination of Water

Individual pathogen numbers could also be too low to detect in a reasonable sized water sample. Isolation and detection of some pathogens can take several days, weeks, or months.

Indicator Microorganisms:

— Indicator microorganisms are wont to indicate an increased risk of pathogen contamination thanks to fecal contact. they're not dangerous to human health but are wont to indicate the presence of a health risk.

Characteristics of a Useful Indicator:

 Always present when pathogens are present

Not present within the absence of the pathogen

Correlated with degree of pollution

More easily detectable than a pathogen 

Non-pathogenic in nature

Bacterial-Indicator Organisms

Common Groups:

v 

Coli forms

o Total coli forms

o Fecal coli forms

v Streptococci

o fecal streptococci

o enterococci

o Spore Formers

o eubacteria 

Coliform Bacteria:

Coliform bacteria (E. coli-like) are the foremost often used indicator bacteria for water quality assessment within the U.S.

Characteristics of coliforms:

Ø Aerobic or facultative,

Ø Gram-negative,

Ø Non-spore forming,

Ø Bacilli, 

Which ferments Lactose to make acid and/or gas with in 24 hours at 35oC

Coliform groups

Total coliforms – indicate water in touch with plant or animal life (universally present)

Fecal coliforms – mammal or bird feces in water

Factors Affecting Ratio of Indicator Organisms to Pathogens:

• All treatment methods and environmental conditions affect pathogens and indicators differently.

• Chlorinated water may have zero indicators and pathogens, but loaded with viruses.

• The ratio of indictors to actual pathogens isn't fixed

Precautions